Microsoft powerpoint - lec 19- perissodactyla and artiodactyla pr.ppt

• Ungulate mammals that walk on the tip of Perissodactyla
their toes which end with thick, hard and keratinized hoofs • Large, hoofed, terrestrial herbivores• Reduced number of toes and lengthened Artiodactyla
• Adapted for cursorial locomotion• Dentation varies among families, Ungulates are the most important group in Many introduced throughout the world where they are important as: • Share a common morphological feature, Many on the verge of extinction due to illigal • Deep groove in the proximal surface of the astragalus (ankle bone) creates a pully-like surface that limits the 1. The majority of microorganisms aided break • Skull is elongated by the lengthening of the rostrum • Lophodont occurs in large grazers to enhance the Food retained for a less time, digestion is • Upper incisors are reduced in number or absent in rhinos less efficient, hence consume more food per unit body mass • Horses are second in importance after • Have long, slender limbs and only 3rd digit • Aid in travel, exploration and warfare • Three upper and lower incisors occur in each • Wild species are either recently extinct or • Neck mane is always erect except in domestic • Tapirs are reduced because of hunting • Inhabit short grassland and desert scrub land. • Four extant species• Have four digits on the fore feet and three on the hind • Have chunky body with short legs and an elongated • The nose and the upper lip form a pronounced, flexible – Manipulate vegetation during feeding and locomotion – Gather olfactory information about the environment • Inhabit heavily forested areas up to 4500m• Nocturnal, feed on shoots, fruits, stems, aquatic vegetation and occasionally on cultivated crops • Tapirs are good swimmers and feed or • Tapirs affect plant ecology by dispersing • They are either endangered or threatened • Gestation period 395days, single young • Three digits on all feet• The family name refers to rhino’s horn which has no • Matures at 5yrs of age, bear their first calf bony core or keratinized sheath, but are a dermal mass of agglutinated keratinized fibers • 1-2 horns. Horns may reach 175m in length • Gestation is 8 months in Sumatran rhinos • Neither of the horns is attached to the bone • Large, heaviest (up to 2880kgs), graviportal structure • Small eyes, prehensile upper lip (extends past the lower lip in black rhino) used to gather vegetation • Grazers or browsers • Dependent on permanent water supply • All species are endangered or critically • The main weight axis passes through the third and fourth • Second and fifth are reduced, non-functional or absent • Some species are no more found in the – Upper canine and incisors are reduced or absent– In some species like the W. Boar the canines form enlarged • Provide meat, hides, sports hunting, and – More complex four chambered ruminating stomach • Stocky, barrel-shaped body short limbs• They have thick skin, small eyes relative to the • Gestation 100days litter size up to 12 in • Four toes on front and hind feet• Ever growing canines directed upward and • Snout elongated mobile and flattened at end. Several layers associated with the snout which is used in rooting for food • Feral hogs are an important hunted species • Wild boar: Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 • Pygmy hog and Javan pig and critically • Wild boar: Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 • Their tusk-like upper canine are small, sharp- • rump gland is used in social communication • Species is endangered due to habitat loss • Canines are used only in ritualized fighting to establish dominance, functioning as a visual signals • Dependence on water is because of rapid evaporative • Not ruminants but stomach has septa and • They are hairless except for few bristles several blind sacs to slow passage of food for • Without temperature-regulating sweat gland each species has glandular sac that exudes a pigmented fluid that appear red which protects from sun burn and as – Produce underwater sounds similar to the sonar • Can remain submerged for up to 30mins while walking – Gestation 240 days and calving intervals are about • The nostrils and eyes are high on the head allowing • while pygmy hippos are solitary and occur in • Camels (Dromedary, Bactrian), llamas • Population further reduced by habitat • Small head, long snout and cleft upper lip • The toes with the nails on the upper surface spread out as they contact the ground to support • Some species are endangered and some • Both limbs on either side of the body move in • This pacing locomotion allows long strides with • All camelids are gregarious, diurnal herbivores• Best suited in dry climates • Eat plants with high salt not tolerated by other animals – to go long distances under difficult condition – Conserve water better than any other mammal– May loose up to 40% of their body mass • Humps used as fat storage place when erect = well fed animal, lean on one side when nutritionally stressed – In Camelids are dimeric they have two heavy • In llamas that live at high altitudes 3,500 – 5,750m • Dromedary or Arabian are wide spread due to domestication 5000yrs ago, no wild • No antlers, no facial, or other body glands • Solitary, nocturnal, ecological equivalent of • Browsers with long necks and prehensile, muscular, very • Sexual selection for long neck. Interaction involves • Precocial calf approximately every 2 years • In male giraffes the top of the head may be 5.5m• Blood pressure is maintained in part because the heart is • Calf mortality is very high due to predation large 2% of body weight compared to 0.5% in humans • Horns are unique in being short, permanent, un- • Hunted for their meter long tail tufts used • Horns composed of outgrowths of frontals that start as a • Musk is used both in fine perfumes and as • Elongated upper canines much larger in • It has been produced on game farms to Males got antlers with the exception of Chinese water deer no antlers and Caribou both sexes have antlers Antlers are deciduous shed each winter after the rut season and re- Antlers are the faster growing tissue known other than cancer • Widely distributed in different habitats Antler size and number of tines are a function of Nutritional Different species of deer have a characteristics antler shape and size from single spikes to large palmate antlers with numerous tines Antlers are important in mating behavior. Highly selected trait • Males got antlers with the exception of Chinese water deer • Pelage color varies according to species no antlers and Caribou both sexes have antlers • Antlers are deciduous shed each winter after the rut • Most newborn have white spots as and lines • Antlers are the faster growing tissue known other than • Growing antlers are covered with velvet • Antler size and number of tines are a function of Nutritional condition, genetic factor and age • Visual, auditory, and olfactory senses are acute • Different species of deer have a characteristics antler • Several glands present from which herd shape and size from single spikes to large palmate antlers with numerous tines • Antlers are important in mating behavior. Highly selected • No more extant species found in Lebanon • All are extinct due to over hunting and • Others have been introduced and affected • Over-harvesting and loss of habitats resulted in species being endangered and some are critically endangered.
• Cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, and allies • The horns consists of keratinized sheath over permanent • The largest family of ungulates: 50 genera • Unlike Bovidae a new horn sheath grows each year under the old one which splits and shed following the breeding season • Female often hornless and if present frequently lack • It is the fastest New World mammal max speed • Migrate over 160km between summer and winter ranges • Un-branched horns present on males and often • Absent naturally from South America and • Covered with a keratinized sheath that is un- • Different feeding strategies, grazers, • Horns may be straight, spiral, or curved • Social system related to body size, feeding • Function in defense, intrasexual fighting during • Small species are specialized feeders tend to be • Variation in size and shape reflects the fighting • Larger species more gregarious, generalized • Cattle, sheep, and goats domesticated • Arabian Gazelle: Gazella gazella arabica • Other species were introduced or hunted • Usually found on the borders between • Numerous species are affected by habitat loss, over harvesting and considered endangered

Source: http://jft-newspaper.aub.edu.lb/reserve/data/biol290ai-ma-lect18/Lecture-18_Perissodactyla_and_Artiodactyla_pr.pdf