Is there a synergism between caffeine intake and resistance training to enhance post-exercise thermogenesis

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Is there a Synergism Between Caffeine Intake and Resistance Training to Enhance Post-
Exercise Thermogenesis?
1. Purpose/Background of Project
The ergogenic effects of acute caffeine (CAF) intake have been repeatedly demonstrated for almost 30 years. In men and women, Costill et al. (1978) reported prolonged exercise time to exhaustion with coffee versus placebo. Compared to coffee and decaffeinated coffee, only pure CAF elicited significant improvements in treadmill running to exhaustion (Graham, 1995). In trained swimmers, Collomp et al. (1992) reported a significant improvement in 100 m freestyle performance. Compared to placebo, greater one-repetition (1-RM) maximum bench press was demonstrated in resistance-trained men (Beck et al., 2006) after ingestion of a caffeine- containing supplement. Thus, it is evident that acute CAF ingestion enhances exercise performance in various athletic activities. Ingestion of CAF also enhances resting metabolic rate. Dulloo et al. (1989) revealed that a single 100 mg dose of CAF increased daily energy expenditure by 3 - 4 % in lean and obese men and women. A similar finding was found in another study with caffeinated coffee versus decaffeinated coffee (Bracco et al., 1995), although the significantly elevated metabolic rate was lower in obese than lean subjects. Despite the finding that caffeine intake clearly enhances thermogenesis, it has yet to be identified as a treatment for obesity. Since approximately 30 % of Americans are obese, and 65 % overweight, effective strategies to curb the epidemic nature of Regular resistance training has been recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine (2006) as a means to improve musculoskeletal fitness. However, its role as an essential component of an effective weight loss regimen is controversial. Small increases in post-exercise calorie expenditure (19 – 100 kcal) have been demonstrated in some studies (Melby et al., 1993; Binzen et al., 2001; Haltom et al., 1999) in which light to moderate weight training was completed, yet Schuenke et al. (2002) showed that intense resistance training increases resting oxygen uptake (VO2) for up to 48 hours after exercise, which was equivalent to 773 additional calories burned over a 2-day period. It may be that the overall intensity of resistance training is the key factor in augmenting metabolic rate post-exercise, and that higher intensities should be recommended for individuals wanting to lose weight. When combined with CAF ingestion, resistance training may elicit an additive thermogenic effect, promoting greater caloric expenditure in the days after exercise, thus promoting a more negative caloric balance and potentially greater ability to combat long-term weight gain. Consequently, the primary aims of the study were to examine if: 1) acute resistance training combined with CAF significantly augments post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) compared to placebo, and 2) if acute CAF intake significantly increases resistance training 2. Participant Population and Recruitment
Resistance-trained men and women (N = ~ 15) ranging in age from 18 – 39 years will be recruited from the CSUSM campus through word-of-mouth and flyers posted at Clarke FieldHouse. They will currently be completing total-body resistance training a minimum of 2 day/wk, and have been training for at least 1 year. The majority of subjects will be regular caffeine consumers. None will take any medications or supplements that will affect the outcomes of the study. Subjects will fill out a health-history questionnaire and provide written informed consent before participating in the study, and all experimental procedures will be approved by the University Institutional Review Board. Women will be tested in the follicular 3. Details of Experimental Procedures
Initially, subjects will fill out a health/history questionnaire, which is used to screen them for any preexisting conditions that may preclude their participation in the study, such as acute infection, physical limitations, or recent change to their medical status. If they are not excluded based on this screening, subjects will provide their informed consent and on a separate day, will arrive at the FieldHouse for a preliminary session. Subjects’ height, weight, and percent body fat (%BF) will be assessed. Percent body fat will be measured using a sum of three skinfold (∑3SKF) model, as described by Jackson and Pollock (1978; 1980). The primary investigator will take all measurements at the abdomen, thigh, and chest (men) and triceps, thigh, and suprailiac (women) following standardized procedures (Heyward, 2005). Heart rate (Polar Electro, Woodbury, NY) and blood pressure (Omron HealthCare Inc., Vernon Hills, IL) will be obtained by telemetry and manual sphygmomanometry, respectively, after the subjects sit down Monitoring of exercise status and dietary intake: Subjects will be required to complete 24 hours dietary and exercise recalls before each trial and to follow the same diet in the day before each trial. Subjects will be provided a list of items that contain CAF (coffee, chocolate, soda, energy drinks, etc. as well as common over-the-counter medications) so they refrain from CAF intake for 48 hours before each visit. Subjects will also be required to complete no intense exercise in the 24 hours preceding each laboratory visit, and to fast for 4 hours before each visit, 1-RM Testing: After demographic measurements, subjects will warm up on a commercial stationary bike (Precor, 846e) for 5 minutes. Pre-exercise measurements of HR and BP will be recorded at 4 minutes. One-repetition maximum (1-RM) testing of barbell bench press, 45o seated sled leg press, and bilateral wide-grip lat pull down (machine) will ensue on free weight equipment (Body Masters, Rayne, LA) according to previous methods (Baechle & Earle, 2000). Two minutes rest will be allotted between sets, and 1-RM will be identified as the heaviest weight lifted once with proper form. Subjects will be given verbal encouragement throughout the protocol. Testing will determine the load equivalent to 75 %1-RM, which will be used in subsequent testing. This session will take approximately 1 hour. Treatment ingestion: Anhydrous pharmaceutical-grade caffeine (CAF) or PL (dimethyl cellulose) will be provided to subjects in identical capsules to be ingested with water 1 hour before subsequent exercise trials. These will be prepared by a pharmacist with no involvement in the study. The CAF dose will be equal to 6 mg/kg (equivalent to 3 – 4 brewed cups of coffee), as this has been shown to maximize blood levels of CAF (Graham & Spriet, 1995). Saliva samples will be taken immediately before and 1 hour post-ingestion. High pressure liquid chromatography will be used to verify the increase in saliva CAF concentration with ingestion. Resistance exercise protocol: No less than 4 days after 1-RM assessment, and after ingestion of CAF or PL, subjects will complete four sets of each exercise to failure at 75 %1-RM; this should take approximately 45 – 50 minutes. Two minutes rest will be allotted between sets. Blood pressure and heart rate will be assessed at the end of the fourth set. Total number of repetitions and resistance lifted will be measured to assess resistance training volume. At the end of the resistance training protocol, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) will be measured for 75 minutes, and remeasured at 24 hours after exercise the following day. Subjects will return 1 week later and repeat the identical protocol after ingestion of the other treatment. Assessment of EPOC: Gas exchange data will be obtained using a metabolic cart attached to a personal computer (ParvoMedics True One 2400, Sandy, UT). This metabolic cart was recently validated (Bassett et al., 2001) against the Douglas bag method for VO2 measurement. Before exercise, the metabolic cart will be calibrated to gases of known concentration (16 %O2 and 4 %CO2) as well as to room air (20.93 %O2 and 0.03 %CO2). Furthermore, a 3-liter syringe will be used to calibrate flow. During the 75 minute measurement of EPOC, subjects will sit in a chair in the Human Performance Laboratory (temperature = 21 – 24 oC, humidity = 30 – 50 %). They will be instructed not to talk and to complete as little movement as possible. They will wear headgear and a respiratory facemask (Hans Rudolph #7400, Kansas City, MO) covering the nose and mouth to prevent leakage of air. Heart rate will be recorded via telemetry (Polar 4. Participants Debriefing
The Primary Investigator will personally speak to all potential subjects to ensure that they are familiar with and understand all requirements of the study, based upon their review of the informed consent document. Furthermore, subjects will have the contact information of the Primary Investigator and will be encouraged to contact him in the case of questions, concerns, and/or problems that arise. Subjects will not be deceived in any way. Manuscripts pertaining to these data will be given to subjects when requested. 5. Potential Risks via Participation in the Study
Risks in this protocol are severalfold. First, injury may occur during performance of the exercise tests, yet they will be minimized by requiring subjects to warm-up adequately and use proper form at all times. However, all subjects are experienced in resistance training at moderate to high intensities, and do not have any preexisting conditions that may impair their ability to complete the requirements of this study, so risk of injury is minimal. Second, if subjects have any preexisting cardiovascular conditions, they may be aggravated by the completion of intense weight training, and relatively high dose of CAF, required in this study. Third, there is a possibility that the CAF ingested by the subject may cause side effects including increased alertness, nausea, anxiety, and/or sleep deprivation. However, the physiological dose that was provided in the present study is safe, as hundreds of studies have used this dose without incident, and research has shown that only supraphysiological doses of CAF > 6 cups of coffee may exacerbate these effects. Fourth, subjects’ identity may be revealed through participation in the study. However, the primary investigator and all experimenters will take the proper steps to ensure that all data remain confidential and/or anonymous. 6. Safeguards Used to Minimize Risk
As described in question 5, all subjects will be relatively experienced in resistance training, meaning that they will be familiar with execution of resistance training movements required in this study. This should reduce injury risks. Furthermore, it is likely that many subjects are currently CAF consumers, which should mitigate the physiological effects of an acute dose or withdrawal. The ingested dose of around 400 – 600 mg is safe, and the primary investigator will ensure that the CAF pills and placebo received from the manufacturer are safe for human consumption and not contaminated. Sheets used to collect data will only contain each participant’s subject number, height/weight, and years of training, and a code will be used in place of their name. All files will be kept in locked cabinets in the Primary Investigator’s locked office. They will be destroyed within 3 – 5 years once presentations have been given and manuscripts have been published concerning the study. 7. Assessment of Study Benefits
The greatest benefit of the study is the dissemination of the data, which will fill a void in the literature concerning the thermogenic potential of CAF combined with resistance training. If post-exercise calorie expenditure is significantly higher with CAF + resistance training versus placebo (resistance training alone), its use could be recommended for exercisers wishing to lose weight. Furthermore, if more weight is lifted with CAF, it could be recommended to increase strength training performance. In addition, participants will be able to have their muscular strength and endurance assessed, and learn a little about the physiology of musculoskeletal fitness. They will be paid $100 for completing the five trials in the study. 8. Assess the Risk:Benefit Ratio
The level of risk in this study is far outweighed by the potential benefits of this study. Physical risks are low, as the exercise demands are well within the capability of our subjects, and the dose of CAF administered in this study has been repeatedly shown to be safe in humans. All experimenters are well aware of the features of informed consent, as well as protecting the rights of subjects. Subjects’ identity will be protected, as no forms will contain their names, and all data will be stored in locked cabinets in the Primary Investigator’s office. 9. Describe the Qualifications and Experience of the Experimenters
The Primary Investigator is a board-certified, doctorally-trained Exercise Physiologist expert in cardiorespiratory testing/exercise physiology, substrate metabolism, and sports nutrition. He has participated in research involving human performance testing throughout the preceding eleven years. His role in research has primarily been as lead investigator, giving him the ultimate responsibility to design proper research procedures, collect and analyze data, and disseminate data through professional presentations and manuscript writing. In the preceding 3 years, he conducted two similar ‘supplement’ studies involving endurance and resistance exercise. Student assistants, all Kinesiology majors at CSU—San Marcos, will be exhaustively trained by the Primary Investigator in research techniques germane to this study. All have completed coursework including Anatomy and Physiology, Exercise Physiology, Stress Testing and Exercise Prescription, and Measurement and Evaluation in Kinesiology, and have previously served as Research Assistants under the direction of the Primary Investigator. 10. Procuring Informed Consent
Subjects will read and sign the attached Informed Consent form. At the time the form is submitted to the Primary Investigator, he will quickly review all Experimental Procedures with the subject to confirm that each subject completely understands the requirements of their participation. Subjects will not be deceived in any way. The primary language spoken by the College of Arts and Sciences
Todd A. Astorino, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Kinesiology
California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096-0001 USA Email:Tel: 760-750-7351 Fax: 760-750-3190
Informed Consent— Is there a Synergism Between Caffeine Intake and Resistance
Training to Enhance Post-Exercise Thermogenesis?
Dr. Todd A. Astorino, Assistant Professor, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, is conducting a study to examine the effectiveness of acute caffeine (CAF) ingestion combined with resistance training on post-exercise calorie expenditure. You were recruited for this study for the following reasons: 1) you are currently resistance training at least 2 day/wk, and 2) you reside in the greater San Diego, CA region. If you volunteer for this study, you will do the following… 1. After abstaining from alcohol and CAF for 48 hours, you will arrive at Clarke Field House to perform the initial trial. First, your height, weight, resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), and body fat (skinfolds at the chest, abdomen, and thigh (men) and triceps, thigh, and hip (women) will be measured. You will complete a 5 minute warm-up on the cycle ergometer. Subsequently, your muscular strength will be determined on the bench press, lat-pull down, and leg press using free weight equipment. Initially, you will complete a warm-up set of 15 - 20 repetitions with a light weight. After a 2 minute recovery, you will complete additional repetitions, only one at a time, until your one-repetition maximum (1-RM) is determined. Weight will be added to the bar or machine until you are unable to perform one repetition with proper form, with the goal of identifying your 1-RM in 4 – 5 sets. Verbal encouragement will be provided, and you will be given a 2 minute rest between sets. 2. Before the next four visits, you will be required to complete 24 hours dietary and exercise recalls and to follow the same diet in the day before each trial. You will be provided a list of items that contain CAF (coffee, tea, chocolate, soda, energy drinks, as well as common over-the-counter medications) so you refrain from CAF intake for 48 hours before each visit. You will also be required to complete no intense exercise in the 24 hours preceding each laboratory visit, and to not eat (water is allowed) for 4 hours before each visit in which excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is assessed. 3. You will be provided with anhydrous pharmaceutical-grade caffeine (CAF) and placebo housed in identical capsules to be ingested with water 1 h before subsequent exercise trials. The CAF dose will be equal to 6 mg/kg (equivalent to 3 – 4 cups of brewed coffee). On two days, saliva samples will be taken immediately before and 1 hour post-CAF or placebo ingestion. 4. At least four days after 1-RM determination, you will return to the FieldHouse to complete your first test session. You will refrain from CAF intake for 48 hours before this visit, will not complete intense exercise in the preceding 24 hours, and will fast for 4 hours before the visit. You will complete four sets of the bench press, lat-pull down, and leg press to failure at 75 %1-RM; this should take approximately 45 – 50 minutes. Two minutes rest will be allotted between sets. Blood pressure and heart rate will be assessed at the end of the fourth set. At the end of the resistance training protocol, you will be escorted to the Human Performance Laboratory, and EPOC will be measured for 75 minutes. You will sit in a chair and will be instructed not to talk and to complete as little movement as possible. You will wear headgear and a respiratory facemask covering the nose and mouth to prevent leakage of air. Heart rate will be recorded via a strap that you wear around your trunk. 5. You will return 24 hours later and repeat the 75 minutes EPOC measurement, after fasting for 4 hours and refraining from exercise before the trial. 6. You will return 1 week later and repeat the identical 2 day protocol after ingesting the other treatment. After completing all trials, you will be given $100.00 for participating in this study. Risks exist in this protocol. First, injury may occur during resistance training, yet it will be minimized by requiring you to warm-up adequately and use proper form at all times. However, you are experienced in resistance training at moderate to high intensities, and do not have any preexisting conditions that may impair your ability to complete study requirements, so risk of injury is minimal. If you are injured, you will be responsible for your care. Second, CAF ingestion may cause increased alertness, nausea, anxiety, and/or sleep deprivation. However, the physiological dose that we provide is safe, as hundreds of studies have used this dose without incident, including a study I completed last year. Third, your identity may be revealed through participation in the study. However, all experimenters will take the proper steps to ensure that all data remain confidential. Sheets used to collect data will only contain your subject number, height/weight, and training history. All files will be kept in locked cabinets in the Primary Investigator’s locked office. They will be destroyed within 3 – 5 years once manuscripts have been published concerning the study. Fourth, you may experience slight discomfort from remaining still for 75 minutes during the EPOC assessment. Benefits to your participation include the following: 1) you will obtain an accurate measure of your muscular strength and body fat, which may be used by you for proper exercise programming, and 2) you may obtain a greater understanding of musculoskeletal physiology. However, the Primary Investigator cannot guarantee that these benefits will be incurred by all subjects. Participation in this study is voluntary, and you may withdraw from the study at any time. However, you will not receive the $100.00 unless all trials are completed. No one other than the Primary Investigator will know of your choice to stop participating in the study. The Primary Investigator will gladly answer any questions that you have regarding this study. If you have further questions, please contact Dr. Todd A. Astorino by phone at (760) 750-7351 or via email at This study has been approved by the California State University, San Marcos Institutional Review Board. Questions about your rights as a research participant should be directed to the Chair of the Review Board at (760) 750-4029. You will be given a copy of this form to keep for your records. I agree to participate in this research study. _________________________________________ ____________________ Participant’s Name ________________________________________ Participant’s Signature ________________________________________ ____________________ Researcher’s Signature Date ________________________________________ Witness

Source: http://www.csusm.edu/gsr/irb/irb_samples/kine_exercise.pdf